Ahasuerus makes royal feasts for his nobles and people, Est 1:1-9. Vashti is sent for by the king, but refuses to come, Est 1:10-12. Vashti is disgraced; and a law made for the subjection of women, Est 1:13-22. The wh…
1Aconteció en los días de Asuero, el Asuero que reinó desde la India hasta Etiopía sobre ciento veintisiete provincias,
2que en aquellos días, cuando fue afirmado el rey Asuero sobre el trono de su reino, el cual estaba en Susa capital del reino,
3en el tercer año de su reinado hizo banquete a todos sus príncipes y cortesanos, teniendo delante de él a los más poderosos de Persia y de Media, gobernadores y príncipes de provincias,
4para mostrar él las riquezas de la gloria de su reino, el brillo y la magnificencia de su poder, por muchos días, ciento ochenta días.
5Y cumplidos estos días, hizo el rey otro banquete por siete días en el patio del huerto del palacio real a todo el pueblo que había en Susa capital del reino, desde el mayor hasta el menor.
6El pabellón era de blanco, verde y azul, tendido sobre cuerdas de lino y púrpura en anillos de plata y columnas de mármol; los reclinatorios de oro y de plata, sobre losado de pórfido y de mármol, y de alabastro y de jacinto.
7Y daban a beber en vasos de oro, y vasos diferentes unos de otros, y mucho vino real, de acuerdo con la generosidad del rey.
8Y la bebida era según esta ley: Que nadie fuese obligado a beber; porque así lo había mandado el rey a todos los mayordomos de su casa, que se hiciese según la voluntad de cada uno.
9Asimismo la reina Vasti hizo banquete para las mujeres, en la casa real del rey Asuero.
10El séptimo día, estando el corazón del rey alegre del vino, mandó a Mehumán, Bizta, Harbona, Bigta, Abagta, Zetar y Carcas, siete eunucos que servían delante del rey Asuero,
11que trajesen a la reina Vasti a la presencia del rey con la corona regia, para mostrar a los pueblos y a los príncipes su belleza; porque era hermosa.
12Mas la reina Vasti no quiso comparecer a la orden del rey enviada por medio de los eunucos; y el rey se enojó mucho, y se encendió en ira.
13Preguntó entonces el rey a los sabios que conocían los tiempos (porque así acostumbraba el rey con todos los que sabían la ley y el derecho;
14y estaban junto a él Carsena, Setar, Admata, Tarsis, Meres, Marsena y Memucán, siete príncipes de Persia y de Media que veían la cara del rey, y se sentaban los primeros del reino);
15les preguntó qué se había de hacer con la reina Vasti según la ley, por cuanto no había cumplido la orden del rey Asuero enviada por medio de los eunucos.
16Y dijo Memucán delante del rey y de los príncipes: No solamente contra el rey ha pecado la reina Vasti, sino contra todos los príncipes, y contra todos los pueblos que hay en todas las provincias del rey Asuero.
17Porque este hecho de la reina llegará a oídos de todas las mujeres, y ellas tendrán en poca estima a sus maridos, diciendo: El rey Asuero mandó traer delante de sí a la reina Vasti, y ella no vino.
18Y entonces dirán esto las señoras de Persia y de Media que oigan el hecho de la reina, a todos los príncipes del rey; y habrá mucho menosprecio y enojo.
19Si parece bien al rey, salga un decreto real de vuestra majestad y se escriba entre las leyes de Persia y de Media, para que no sea quebrantado: Que Vasti no venga más delante del rey Asuero; y el rey haga reina a otra que sea mejor que ella.
20Y el decreto que dicte el rey será oído en todo su reino, aunque es grande, y todas las mujeres darán honra a sus maridos, desde el mayor hasta el menor.
21Agradó esta palabra a los ojos del rey y de los príncipes, e hizo el rey conforme al dicho de Memucán;
22pues envió cartas a todas las provincias del rey, a cada provincia conforme a su escritura, y a cada pueblo conforme a su lenguaje, diciendo que todo hombre afirmase su autoridad en su casa; y que se publicase esto en la lengua de su pueblo.
ADAM CLARKE BIBLE COMMENTARY
I
Versículo 1
I. Now it came to pass - The Ahasuerus of the Romans, the Artaxerxes of the Greeks and Ardsheer of t…
Now it came to pass - The Ahasuerus of the Romans, the Artaxerxes of the Greeks and Ardsheer of the Persians, are the same. Some think that this Ahasuerus was Darius, the son of Hystaspes; but Prideaux and others maintain that he was Artaxerxes Longimanus.
Reigned from India even unto Ethiopia - This is nearly the same account that is given by Xenophon. How great and glorious the kingdom of Cyrus was beyond all the kingdoms of Asia, was evident from this: Ὡρισθῃ μεν πρως ἑῳ τῃ Ερυθρᾳ θαλαττῃ· προς αρκτον δε τῳ Ευξεινῳ ποντῳ· προς ἑσπεραν δε Κυπρῳ και Αιγυπτῳ· προς μεσημβριαν δε Αιθιοπιᾳ. "It was bounded on the east by the Red Sea; on the north by the Euxine Sea; on the west by Cyprus and Egypt; and on the south by Ethiopia." - Cyrop. lib. viii., p. 241, edit. Steph. 1581.
II
Versículo 2
II. Sat on the throne of his kingdom - Having subdued all his enemies, and brought universal peace to…
Sat on the throne of his kingdom - Having subdued all his enemies, and brought universal peace to his empire. See the commencement of the introduction.
Shushan the palace - The ancient city of Susa, now called Shuster by the Persians. This, with Ecbatana and Babylon, was a residence of the Persian kings. The word הבירה habbirah, which we render the palace, should be rendered the city, εν Σουσοις τῃ πολει, as in the Septuagint.
III
Versículo 4
III. The riches of his glorious kingdom - Luxury was the characteristic of the Eastern monarchs, and p…
The riches of his glorious kingdom - Luxury was the characteristic of the Eastern monarchs, and particularly of the Persians. In their feasts, which were superb and of long continuance, they made a general exhibition of their wealth, grandeur, etc., and received the highest encomiums from their poets and flatterers. Their ostentation on such occasions passed into a proverb: hence Horace: -
Persicos odi, puer, apparatus:
Displicent nexae philyra coronae;
Mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum
Sera moretur.
I tell thee, boy, that I detest
The grandeur of a Persian feast;
Nor for me the linden's rind
Shall the flowery chaplet bind.
Then search not where the curious rose
Beyond his season loitering grows.
Francis.
IV
Versículo 5
IV. A feast unto all the people - The first was a feast for the nobles in general; this, for the peop…
A feast unto all the people - The first was a feast for the nobles in general; this, for the people of the city at large.
In the court of the garden - As the company was very numerous that was to be received, no apartments in the palace could be capable of containing them; therefore the court of the garden was chosen.
V
Versículo 6
V. White, green, and blue hangings - It was customary, on such occasions, not only to hang the place…
White, green, and blue hangings - It was customary, on such occasions, not only to hang the place about with elegant curtains of the above colors, as Dr. Shaw and others have remarked, but also to have a canopy of rich stuffs suspended on cords from side to side of the place in which they feasted. And such courts were ordinarily paved with different coloured marbles, or with tiles painted, as above specified. And this was the origin of the Musive or Mosaic work, well known among the Asiatics, and borrowed from them by the Greeks and the Romans.
The beds of gold and silver mentioned here were the couches covered with gold and silver cloth, on which the guests reclined.
VI
Versículo 7
VI. Vessels being diverse - They had different services of plate.
Vessels being diverse - They had different services of plate.
VII
Versículo 8
VII. None did compel: for so the king had appointed - Every person drank what he pleased; he was not o…
None did compel: for so the king had appointed - Every person drank what he pleased; he was not obliged to take more than he had reason to think would do him good.
Among the Greeks, each guest was obliged to keep the round, or leave the company: hence the proverb Η πιθι, η απιθι; Drink or begone. To this Horace refers, but gives more license: -
Pasco libatis dapibus; prout cuique libido est.
Siccat inaequales calices conviva, solutus
Legibus insanis: seu quis capit acria fortis
Pocula; seu modicis humescit aetius.
Horat. Sat. lib. ii., s. vi., ver. 67.
There, every guest may drink and fill
As much or little as he will;
Exempted from the Bedlam rules
Of roaring prodigals and fools.
Whether, in merry mood or whim,
He fills his goblet to the brim;
Or, better pleased to let it pass,
Is cheerful with a moderate glass.
Francis.
At the Roman feasts there was a person chosen by the cast of dice, who was the Arbiter bibendi, and prescribed rules to the company, which all were obliged to observe. References to this custom may be seen in the same poet. Odar. lib. i., Od. iv., ver. 18: -
Non regna vini sortiere talis.
And in lib. ii., Od. vii., ver. 25: -
- Quem Venus arbitrum Dicet bibendi?
Mr. Herbert, in his excellent poem, The Church Porch, has five verses on this vile custom and its rule: -
Drink not the third glass, which thou canst not tame
When once it is within thee, but before
Mayst rule it as thou list; and pour the shame,
Which it would pour on thee, upon the floor.
It is most just to throw that on the ground,
Which would throw me there if I keep the round.
He that is drunken may his mother kill,
Big with his sister; he hath lost the reins;
Is outlawed by himself. All kinds of ill
Did with his liquor slide into his veins.
The drunkard forfeits man; and doth divest
All worldly right, save what he hath by beast.
Nothing too severe can be said on this destructive practice.
VIII
Versículo 9
VIII. Also Vashti the queen - Vashti is a mere Persian word; and signifies a beautiful or excellent woman.
Also Vashti the queen - Vashti is a mere Persian word; and signifies a beautiful or excellent woman.
Made a feast for the women - The king, having subdued all his enemies, left no competitor for the kingdom; and being thus quietly and firmly seated on the throne, made this a time of general festivity. As the women of the East never mingle with the men in public, Vashti made a feast for the Persian ladies by themselves; and while the men were in the court of the garden, the women were in the royal house.
IX
Versículo 10
IX. He commanded Mehuman - All these are doubtless Persian names; but so disguised by passing through…
He commanded Mehuman - All these are doubtless Persian names; but so disguised by passing through a Hebrew medium, that some of them can scarcely be known. Mehuman signifies a stranger or guest.
We shall find other names and words in this book, the Persian etymology of which may be easily traced.
X
Versículo 11
X. To bring Vashti the queen - The Targum adds naked.
To bring Vashti the queen - The Targum adds naked.
For she was fair to look on - Hence she had her name Vashti, which signifies beautiful. See Est 1:9.
XI
Versículo 12
XI. Vashti refused to come - And much should she be commended for it. What woman, possessing even a c…
Vashti refused to come - And much should she be commended for it. What woman, possessing even a common share of prudence and modesty, could consent to expose herself to the view of such a group of drunken Bacchanalians? Her courage was equal to her modesty: she would resist the royal mandate, rather than violate the rules of chaste decorum.
Her contempt of worldly grandeur, when brought in competition with what every modest woman holds dear and sacred, is worthy of observation. She well knew that this act of disobedience would cost her her crown, if not her life also: but she was regardless of both, as she conceived her virtue and honor were at stake.
Her humility was greatly evidenced in this refusal. She was beautiful; and might have shown herself to great advantage, and have had a fine opportunity of gratifying her vanity, if she had any: but she refused to come.
Hail, noble woman! be thou a pattern to all thy sex on every similar occasion! Surely, every thing considered, we have few women like Vashti; for some of the highest of the land will dress and deck themselves with the utmost splendor, even to the selvedge of their fortunes, to exhibit themselves at balls, plays, galas, operas, and public assemblies of all kinds, (nearly half naked), that they may be seen and admired of men, and even, to the endless reproach and broad suspicion of their honor and chastity, figure away in masquerades! Vashti must be considered at the top of her sex: -
Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno.
A black swan is not half so rare a bird.
XII
Versículo 13
XII. To the wise men - Probably the lawyers.
To the wise men - Probably the lawyers.
XIII
Versículo 14
XIII. And the next unto him - the seven princes - Probably, the privy counsellors of the king. Which sa…
And the next unto him - the seven princes - Probably, the privy counsellors of the king. Which saw the king's face - were at all times admitted to the royal presence.
XIV
Versículo 16
XIV. Vashti - hath not done wrong to the king only - This reasoning or arguing was inconsequent and fa…
Vashti - hath not done wrong to the king only - This reasoning or arguing was inconsequent and false. Vashti had not generally disobeyed the king, therefore she could be no precedent for the general conduct of the Persian women. She disobeyed only in one particular; and this, to serve a purpose, Memucan draws into a general consequence; and the rest came to the conclusion which he drew, being either too drunk to be able to discern right from wrong, or too intent on reducing the women to a state of vassalage, to neglect the present favorable opportunity.
XV
Versículo 18
XV. The ladies of Persia - שרות saroth, the princesses; but the meaning is very well expressed by our…
The ladies of Persia - שרות saroth, the princesses; but the meaning is very well expressed by our term ladies.
16
Versículo 19
16. That it be not altered - Let it be inserted among the permanent laws, and made a part of the cons…
That it be not altered - Let it be inserted among the permanent laws, and made a part of the constitution of the empire. Perhaps the Persians affected such a degree of wisdom in the construction of their laws, that they never could be amended, and should never be repeated. And this we may understand to be the ground of the saying, The laws of the Medes and Persians, that change not.
17
Versículo 22
17. That every man should bear rule in his own house - Both God's law and common sense taught this fr…
That every man should bear rule in his own house - Both God's law and common sense taught this from the foundation of the world. And is it possible that this did not obtain in the Persian empire, previously to this edict? The twentieth verse has another clause, That all wives shall give to their husbands honor, both to great and small. This also was universally understood. This law did nothing. I suppose the parade of enactment was only made to deprive honest Vashti of her crown. The Targum adds, "That each woman should speak the language of her husband." If she were even a foreigner, she should be obliged to learn and speak the language of the king. Perhaps there might be some common sense in this, as it would oblige the foreigner to devote much time to study and improvement; and, consequently, to make her a better woman, and a better wife. But there is no proof that this was a part of the decree. But there are so many additions to this book in the principal versions, that we know not what might have made a part of it originally.
Antiguo Testamento
Esther — Capítulo 1
Ahasuerus makes royal feasts for his nobles and people, Est 1:1-9. Vashti is sent for by the king, but refuses to come, Est 1:10-12. Vashti is disgraced; and a law made for the subjection of women, Est 1:13-22. The wh…
Texto — Reina-Valera 1960
1Aconteció en los días de Asuero, el Asuero que reinó desde la India hasta Etiopía sobre ciento veintisiete provincias,
2que en aquellos días, cuando fue afirmado el rey Asuero sobre el trono de su reino, el cual estaba en Susa capital del reino,
3en el tercer año de su reinado hizo banquete a todos sus príncipes y cortesanos, teniendo delante de él a los más poderosos de Persia y de Media, gobernadores y príncipes de provincias,
4para mostrar él las riquezas de la gloria de su reino, el brillo y la magnificencia de su poder, por muchos días, ciento ochenta días.
5Y cumplidos estos días, hizo el rey otro banquete por siete días en el patio del huerto del palacio real a todo el pueblo que había en Susa capital del reino, desde el mayor hasta el menor.
6El pabellón era de blanco, verde y azul, tendido sobre cuerdas de lino y púrpura en anillos de plata y columnas de mármol; los reclinatorios de oro y de plata, sobre losado de pórfido y de mármol, y de alabastro y de jacinto.
7Y daban a beber en vasos de oro, y vasos diferentes unos de otros, y mucho vino real, de acuerdo con la generosidad del rey.
8Y la bebida era según esta ley: Que nadie fuese obligado a beber; porque así lo había mandado el rey a todos los mayordomos de su casa, que se hiciese según la voluntad de cada uno.
9Asimismo la reina Vasti hizo banquete para las mujeres, en la casa real del rey Asuero.
10El séptimo día, estando el corazón del rey alegre del vino, mandó a Mehumán, Bizta, Harbona, Bigta, Abagta, Zetar y Carcas, siete eunucos que servían delante del rey Asuero,
11que trajesen a la reina Vasti a la presencia del rey con la corona regia, para mostrar a los pueblos y a los príncipes su belleza; porque era hermosa.
12Mas la reina Vasti no quiso comparecer a la orden del rey enviada por medio de los eunucos; y el rey se enojó mucho, y se encendió en ira.
13Preguntó entonces el rey a los sabios que conocían los tiempos (porque así acostumbraba el rey con todos los que sabían la ley y el derecho;
14y estaban junto a él Carsena, Setar, Admata, Tarsis, Meres, Marsena y Memucán, siete príncipes de Persia y de Media que veían la cara del rey, y se sentaban los primeros del reino);
15les preguntó qué se había de hacer con la reina Vasti según la ley, por cuanto no había cumplido la orden del rey Asuero enviada por medio de los eunucos.
16Y dijo Memucán delante del rey y de los príncipes: No solamente contra el rey ha pecado la reina Vasti, sino contra todos los príncipes, y contra todos los pueblos que hay en todas las provincias del rey Asuero.
17Porque este hecho de la reina llegará a oídos de todas las mujeres, y ellas tendrán en poca estima a sus maridos, diciendo: El rey Asuero mandó traer delante de sí a la reina Vasti, y ella no vino.
18Y entonces dirán esto las señoras de Persia y de Media que oigan el hecho de la reina, a todos los príncipes del rey; y habrá mucho menosprecio y enojo.
19Si parece bien al rey, salga un decreto real de vuestra majestad y se escriba entre las leyes de Persia y de Media, para que no sea quebrantado: Que Vasti no venga más delante del rey Asuero; y el rey haga reina a otra que sea mejor que ella.
20Y el decreto que dicte el rey será oído en todo su reino, aunque es grande, y todas las mujeres darán honra a sus maridos, desde el mayor hasta el menor.
21Agradó esta palabra a los ojos del rey y de los príncipes, e hizo el rey conforme al dicho de Memucán;
22pues envió cartas a todas las provincias del rey, a cada provincia conforme a su escritura, y a cada pueblo conforme a su lenguaje, diciendo que todo hombre afirmase su autoridad en su casa; y que se publicase esto en la lengua de su pueblo.
ADAM CLARKE BIBLE COMMENTARY
Versículo 1
I. Now it came to pass - The Ahasuerus of the Romans, the Artaxerxes of the Greeks and Ardsheer of t…
Versículo 2
II. Sat on the throne of his kingdom - Having subdued all his enemies, and brought universal peace to…
Versículo 4
III. The riches of his glorious kingdom - Luxury was the characteristic of the Eastern monarchs, and p…
Versículo 5
IV. A feast unto all the people - The first was a feast for the nobles in general; this, for the peop…
Versículo 6
V. White, green, and blue hangings - It was customary, on such occasions, not only to hang the place…
Versículo 7
VI. Vessels being diverse - They had different services of plate.
Versículo 8
VII. None did compel: for so the king had appointed - Every person drank what he pleased; he was not o…
Versículo 9
VIII. Also Vashti the queen - Vashti is a mere Persian word; and signifies a beautiful or excellent woman.
Versículo 10
IX. He commanded Mehuman - All these are doubtless Persian names; but so disguised by passing through…
Versículo 11
X. To bring Vashti the queen - The Targum adds naked.
Versículo 12
XI. Vashti refused to come - And much should she be commended for it. What woman, possessing even a c…
Versículo 13
XII. To the wise men - Probably the lawyers.
Versículo 14
XIII. And the next unto him - the seven princes - Probably, the privy counsellors of the king. Which sa…
Versículo 16
XIV. Vashti - hath not done wrong to the king only - This reasoning or arguing was inconsequent and fa…
Versículo 18
XV. The ladies of Persia - שרות saroth, the princesses; but the meaning is very well expressed by our…
Versículo 19
16. That it be not altered - Let it be inserted among the permanent laws, and made a part of the cons…
Versículo 22
17. That every man should bear rule in his own house - Both God's law and common sense taught this fr…