Antiguo Testamento

Leviticus — Capítulo 13

Leprosy. - The law for leprosy, the observance of which is urged upon the people again in Deu 24:8-9, treats, in the first place, of leprosy in men: (a) in its dangerous forms when appearing either on the skin (vv. 2-…

Versión

Texto — Reina-Valera 1960

1Habló Jehová a Moisés y a Aarón, diciendo:

2Cuando el hombre tuviere en la piel de su cuerpo hinchazón, o erupción, o mancha blanca, y hubiere en la piel de su cuerpo como llaga de lepra, será traído a Aarón el sacerdote o a uno de sus hijos los sacerdotes.

3Y el sacerdote mirará la llaga en la piel del cuerpo; si el pelo en la llaga se ha vuelto blanco, y pareciere la llaga más profunda que la piel de la carne, llaga de lepra es; y el sacerdote le reconocerá, y le declarará inmundo.

4Y si en la piel de su cuerpo hubiere mancha blanca, pero que no pareciere más profunda que la piel, ni el pelo se hubiere vuelto blanco, entonces el sacerdote encerrará al llagado por siete días.

5Y al séptimo día el sacerdote lo mirará; y si la llaga conserva el mismo aspecto, no habiéndose extendido en la piel, entonces el sacerdote le volverá a encerrar por otros siete días.

6Y al séptimo día el sacerdote le reconocerá de nuevo; y si parece haberse oscurecido la llaga, y que no ha cundido en la piel, entonces el sacerdote lo declarará limpio: era erupción; y lavará sus vestidos, y será limpio.

7Pero si se extendiere la erupción en la piel después que él se mostró al sacerdote para ser limpio, deberá mostrarse otra vez al sacerdote.

8Y si reconociéndolo el sacerdote ve que la erupción se ha extendido en la piel, lo declarará inmundo: es lepra.

9Cuando hubiere llaga de lepra en el hombre, será traído al sacerdote.

10Y este lo mirará, y si apareciere tumor blanco en la piel, el cual haya mudado el color del pelo, y se descubre asimismo la carne viva,

11es lepra crónica en la piel de su cuerpo; y le declarará inmundo el sacerdote, y no le encerrará, porque es inmundo.

12Mas si brotare la lepra cundiendo por la piel, de modo que cubriere toda la piel del llagado desde la cabeza hasta sus pies, hasta donde pueda ver el sacerdote,

13entonces este le reconocerá; y si la lepra hubiere cubierto todo su cuerpo, declarará limpio al llagado; toda ella se ha vuelto blanca, y él es limpio.

14Mas el día que apareciere en él la carne viva, será inmundo.

15Y el sacerdote mirará la carne viva, y lo declarará inmundo. Es inmunda la carne viva; es lepra.

16Mas cuando la carne viva cambiare y se volviere blanca, entonces vendrá al sacerdote,

17y el sacerdote mirará; y si la llaga se hubiere vuelto blanca, el sacerdote declarará limpio al que tenía la llaga, y será limpio.

18Y cuando en la piel de la carne hubiere divieso, y se sanare,

19y en el lugar del divieso hubiere una hinchazón, o una mancha blanca rojiza, será mostrado al sacerdote.

20Y el sacerdote mirará; y si pareciere estar más profunda que la piel, y su pelo se hubiere vuelto blanco, el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo; es llaga de lepra que se originó en el divieso.

21Y si el sacerdote la considerare, y no apareciere en ella pelo blanco, ni fuere más profunda que la piel, sino oscura, entonces el sacerdote le encerrará por siete días;

22y si se fuere extendiendo por la piel, entonces el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo; es llaga.

23Pero si la mancha blanca se estuviere en su lugar, y no se hubiere extendido, es la cicatriz del divieso, y el sacerdote lo declarará limpio.

24Asimismo cuando hubiere en la piel del cuerpo quemadura de fuego, y hubiere en lo sanado del fuego mancha blanquecina, rojiza o blanca,

25el sacerdote la mirará; y si el pelo se hubiere vuelto blanco en la mancha, y esta pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, es lepra que salió en la quemadura; y el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo, por ser llaga de lepra.

26Mas si el sacerdote la mirare, y no apareciere en la mancha pelo blanco, ni fuere más profunda que la piel, sino que estuviere oscura, le encerrará el sacerdote por siete días.

27Y al séptimo día el sacerdote la reconocerá; y si se hubiere ido extendiendo por la piel, el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo; es llaga de lepra.

28Pero si la mancha se estuviere en su lugar, y no se hubiere extendido en la piel, sino que estuviere oscura, es la cicatriz de la quemadura; el sacerdote lo declarará limpio, porque señal de la quemadura es.

29Y al hombre o mujer que le saliere llaga en la cabeza, o en la barba,

30el sacerdote mirará la llaga; y si pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, y el pelo de ella fuere amarillento y delgado, entonces el sacerdote le declarará inmundo; es tiña, es lepra de la cabeza o de la barba.

31Mas cuando el sacerdote hubiere mirado la llaga de la tiña, y no pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, ni hubiere en ella pelo negro, el sacerdote encerrará por siete días al llagado de la tiña;

32y al séptimo día el sacerdote mirará la llaga; y si la tiña no pareciere haberse extendido, ni hubiere en ella pelo amarillento, ni pareciere la tiña más profunda que la piel,

33entonces le hará que se rasure, pero no rasurará el lugar afectado; y el sacerdote encerrará por otros siete días al que tiene la tiña.

34Y al séptimo día mirará el sacerdote la tiña; y si la tiña no hubiere cundido en la piel, ni pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, el sacerdote lo declarará limpio; y lavará sus vestidos y será limpio.

35Pero si la tiña se hubiere ido extendiendo en la piel después de su purificación,

36entonces el sacerdote la mirará; y si la tiña hubiere cundido en la piel, no busque el sacerdote el pelo amarillento; es inmundo.

37Mas si le pareciere que la tiña está detenida, y que ha salido en ella el pelo negro, la tiña está sanada; él está limpio, y limpio lo declarará el sacerdote.

38Asimismo cuando el hombre o la mujer tuviere en la piel de su cuerpo manchas, manchas blancas,

39el sacerdote mirará, y si en la piel de su cuerpo aparecieren manchas blancas algo oscurecidas, es empeine que brotó en la piel; está limpia la persona.

40Y el hombre, cuando se le cayere el cabello, es calvo, pero limpio.

41Y si hacia su frente se le cayere el cabello, es calvo por delante, pero limpio.

42Mas cuando en la calva o en la antecalva hubiere llaga blanca rojiza, lepra es que brota en su calva o en su antecalva.

43Entonces el sacerdote lo mirará, y si pareciere la hinchazón de la llaga blanca rojiza en su calva o en su antecalva, como el parecer de la lepra de la piel del cuerpo,

44leproso es, es inmundo, y el sacerdote lo declarará luego inmundo; en su cabeza tiene la llaga.

45Y el leproso en quien hubiere llaga llevará vestidos rasgados y su cabeza descubierta, y embozado pregonará: ¡Inmundo! ¡Inmundo!

46Todo el tiempo que la llaga estuviere en él, será inmundo; estará impuro, y habitará solo; fuera del campamento será su morada.

47Cuando en un vestido hubiere plaga de lepra, ya sea vestido de lana, o de lino,

48o en urdimbre o en trama de lino o de lana, o en cuero, o en cualquiera obra de cuero;

49y la plaga fuere verdosa, o rojiza, en vestido o en cuero, en urdimbre o en trama, o en cualquiera obra de cuero; plaga es de lepra, y se ha de mostrar al sacerdote.

50Y el sacerdote mirará la plaga, y encerrará la cosa plagada por siete días.

51Y al séptimo día mirará la plaga; y si se hubiere extendido la plaga en el vestido, en la urdimbre o en la trama, en el cuero, o en cualquiera obra que se hace de cuero, lepra maligna es la plaga; inmunda será.

52Será quemado el vestido, la urdimbre o trama de lana o de lino, o cualquiera obra de cuero en que hubiere tal plaga, porque lepra maligna es; al fuego será quemada.

53Y si el sacerdote mirare, y no pareciere que la plaga se haya extendido en el vestido, en la urdimbre o en la trama, o en cualquiera obra de cuero,

54entonces el sacerdote mandará que laven donde está la plaga, y lo encerrará otra vez por siete días.

55Y el sacerdote mirará después que la plaga fuere lavada; y si pareciere que la plaga no ha cambiado de aspecto, aunque no se haya extendido la plaga, inmunda es; la quemarás al fuego; es corrosión penetrante, esté lo raído en el derecho o en el revés de aquella cosa.

56Mas si el sacerdote la viere, y pareciere que la plaga se ha oscurecido después que fue lavada, la cortará del vestido, del cuero, de la urdimbre o de la trama.

57Y si apareciere de nuevo en el vestido, la urdimbre o trama, o en cualquiera cosa de cuero, extendiéndose en ellos, quemarás al fuego aquello en que estuviere la plaga.

58Pero el vestido, la urdimbre o la trama, o cualquiera cosa de cuero que lavares, y que se le quitare la plaga, se lavará por segunda vez, y entonces será limpia.

59Esta es la ley para la plaga de la lepra del vestido de lana o de lino, o de urdimbre o de trama, o de cualquiera cosa de cuero, para que sea declarada limpia o inmunda.

CARL FRIEDRICH KEIL AND FRANZ DELITZSCH OLD TESTAMENT COMMENTARY

Versículo 2

I. The symptoms of leprosy, whether proceeding directly from eruptions in the skin, or caused by a b…

The symptoms of leprosy, whether proceeding directly from eruptions in the skin, or caused by a boil or burn. - Lev 13:2-8. The first case: "When a man shall have in the skin of his flesh (body) a raised spot or scab, or a bright spot." שׂאת, a lifting up (Gen 4:7, etc.), signifies here an elevation of the skin in some part of the body, a raised spot like a pimple. ספּחת, an eruption, scurf, or scab, from ספח to pour out, "a pouring out as it were from the flesh or skin" (Knobel). בּהרת .)le, from בּהר, in the Arabic and Chaldee to shine, is a bright swollen spot in the skin. If ether of these signs became "a spot of leprosy," the person affected was to be brought to the priest, that he might examine the complaint. The term zaraath, from an Arabic word signifying to strike down or scourge, is applied to leprosy as a scourge of God, and in the case of men it always denotes the white leprosy, which the Arabs call baras. נגע, a stroke (lit., "stroke of leprosy"), is applied not only to the spot attacked by the leprosy, the leprous mole (Lev 13:3, Lev 13:29-32, Lev 13:42, etc.), but to the persons and even to things affected with leprosy (Lev 13:4, Lev 13:12, Lev 13:13, Lev 13:31, Lev 13:50, Lev 13:55). Lev 13:3 A person so diseased was to be pronounced unclean, (a) if the hair of his head had turned white on the mole, i.e., if the dark hair which distinguished the Israelites had become white; and (b) if the appearance of the mole was deeper than the skin of the flesh, i.e., if the spot, where the mole was, appeared depressed in comparison with the rest of the skin. In that case it was leprosy. These signs are recognised by modern observers (e.g., Hensler); and among the Arabs leprosy is regarded as curable if the hair remains black upon the white spots, but incurable if it becomes whitish in colour. Lev 13:4-6 But if the bright spot was white upon the skin, and its appearance was not deeper than the skin, and the place therefore was not sunken, nor the hair turned white, the priest was to shut up the leper, i.e., preclude him from intercourse with other men, for seven days, and on the seventh day examine him again. If he then found that the mole still stood, i.e., remained unaltered, "in his eyes," or in his view, that it had not spread any further, he was to shut him up for seven days more. And if, on further examination upon the seventh day, he found that the mole had become paler, had lost its brilliant whiteness, and had not spread, he was to declare him clean, for it was a scurf, i.e., a mere skin eruption, and not true leprosy. The person who had been pronounced clean, however, was to wash his clothes, to change himself from even the appearance of leprosy, and then to be clean. Lev 13:7-8 But if the scurf had spread upon the skin "after his (first) appearance before the priest with reference to his cleansing," i.e., to be examined concerning his purification; and if the priest notice this on his second appearance, he was to declare him unclean, for in that case it was leprosy. Lev 13:9-17 The second case (Lev 13:9-17): if the leprosy broke out without previous eruptions. Lev 13:9-11 "If a mole of leprosy is in a man, and the priest to whom he is brought sees that there is a white rising in the skin, and this has turned the hair white, and there is raw (proud) flesh upon the elevation, it is an old leprosy." The apodosis to Lev 13:9 and Lev 13:10 commences with Lev 13:11. חי בּשׂר living, i.e., raw, proud flesh. מחיה the preservation of life (Gen 45:5), sustenance (Jdg 6:4); here, in Lev 13:10 and Lev 13:24, it signifies life in the sense of that which shows life, not a blow or spot (נגע, from מחה to strike), as it is only in a geographical sense that the verb has this signification, viz., to strike against, or reach as far as (Num 34:11). If the priest found that the evil was an old, long-standing leprosy, he was to pronounce the man unclean, and not first of all to shut him up, as there was no longer any doubt about the matter. Lev 13:12-13 If, on the other hand, the leprosy broke out blooming on the skin, and covered the whole of the skin from head to foot "with regard to the whole sight of the eyes of the priest," i.e., as far as his eyes could see, the priest was to pronounce the person clean. "He has turned quite white," i.e., his dark body has all become white. The breaking out of the leprous matter in this complete and rapid way upon the surface of the whole body was the crisis of the disease; the diseased matter turned into a scurf, which died away and then fell off. Lev 13:14-19 "But in the day when proud flesh appears upon him, he is unclean,...the proud flesh is unclean; it is leprosy." That is to say, if proud flesh appeared after the body had been covered with a white scurf, with which the diseased matter had apparently exhausted itself, the disease was not removed, and the person affected with it was to be pronounced unclean. The third case: if the leprosy proceeded from an abscess which had been cured. In Lev 13:18 בּשׂר is first of all used absolutely, and then resumed with בּו, and the latter again is more closely defined in בּעורו: "if there arises in the flesh, in him, in his skin, an abscess, and (it) is healed, and there arises in the place of the abscess a white elevation, or a spot of a reddish white, he (the person so affected) shall appear at the priest's." Lev 13:20 If the priest found the appearance of the diseased spot lower than the surrounding skin, and the hair upon it turned white, he was to pronounce the person unclean. "It is a mole of leprosy: it has broken out upon the abscess." Lev 13:21-23 But if the hair had not turned white upon the spot, and there was no depression on the skin, and it (the spot) was pale, the priest was to shut him up for seven days. If the mole spread upon the skin during this period, it was leprosy; but if the spot stood in its place, and had not spread, it was השּׁחין צרבת, "the closing of the abscess:" literally "the burning;" here, that part of the skin or flesh which has been burnt up or killed by the inflammation or abscess, and gradually falls off as scurf (Knobel). Lev 13:24-28 The fourth case (Lev 13:24-28): if there was a burnt place upon the skin of the flesh (מבות־אשׁ, a spot where he had burnt himself with fire, the scar of a burn), and the "life of the scar" - i.e., the skin growing or forming upon the scar (see Lev 13:10), - "becomes a whitish red, or white spot," i.e., if it formed itself into a bright swollen spot. This was to be treated exactly like the previous case. המּכוה שׂאת (Lev 13:28), rising of the scar of the burn, i.e., a rising of the flesh and skin growing out of the scar of the burn.

Versículo 29

II. Leprosy upon the head or chin. - If the priest saw a mole upon the head or chin of a man or woman…

Leprosy upon the head or chin. - If the priest saw a mole upon the head or chin of a man or woman, the appearance of which was deeper than the skin, and on which the hair was yellow (צהב golden, reddish, fox-colour) and thin, he was to regard it as נתק. Leprosy on the head or chin is called נתק, probably from נתק to pluck or tear, from its plucking out the hair, or causing it to fall off; like κνήφη, the itch, from κνάω, to itch or scratch, and scabies, from scabere. But if he did not observe these two symptoms, if there was no depression of the skin, and the hair was black and not yellow, he was to shut up the person affected for seven days. In בּו אין שׁחר (Lev 13:31) there is certainly an error of the text: either שׁחר must be retained and אין dropped, or שׁהר must be altered into צהב, according to Lev 13:37. The latter is probably the better of the two.

Versículo 32

III. If the mole had not spread by that time, and the two signs mentioned were not discernible, the pe…

If the mole had not spread by that time, and the two signs mentioned were not discernible, the person affected was to shave himself, but not to shave the nethek, the eruption or scurfy place, and the priest was to shut him up for seven days more, and then to look whether any alteration had taken place; and if not, to pronounce him clean, whereupon he was to wash his clothes (see Lev 13:6).

Versículo 35

IV. But if the eruption spread even after his purification, the priest, on seeing this, was not to lo…

But if the eruption spread even after his purification, the priest, on seeing this, was not to look for yellow hair. "He is unclean:" that is to say, he was to pronounce him unclean without searching for yellow hairs; the spread of the eruption was a sufficient proof of the leprosy.

Versículo 37

V. But if, on the contrary, the eruption stood (see Lev 13:5), and black hair grew out of it, he was…

But if, on the contrary, the eruption stood (see Lev 13:5), and black hair grew out of it, he was healed, and the person affected was to be declared clean.

Versículo 38

VI. Harmless leprosy. - This broke out upon the skin of the body in בּהרת plaits, "white rings." If t…

Harmless leprosy. - This broke out upon the skin of the body in בּהרת plaits, "white rings." If these were dull or a pale white, it was the harmless bohak, ἀλφός (lxx), which did not defile, and which even the Arabs, who still call it bahak, consider harmless. It is an eruption upon the skin, appearing in somewhat elevated spots or rings of inequal sizes and a pale white colour, which do not change the hair; it causes no inconvenience, and lasts from two months to two years.

Versículo 40

VII. The leprosy of bald heads. - קרח is a head bald behind; גּבּח, in front, "bald from the side, or …

The leprosy of bald heads. - קרח is a head bald behind; גּבּח, in front, "bald from the side, or edge of his face, i.e., from the forehead and temples." Bald heads of both kinds were naturally clean.

Versículo 42

VIII. But if a white reddish mole was formed upon the bald place before or behind, it was leprosy break…

But if a white reddish mole was formed upon the bald place before or behind, it was leprosy breaking out upon it, and was to be recognised by the fact that the rising of the mole had the appearance of leprosy on the skin of the body. In that case the person was unclean, and to be pronounced so by the priest. "On his head is his plague of leprosy," i.e., he has it in his head.

Versículo 45

IX. With regard to the treatment of lepers, the lawgiver prescribed that they should wear mourning co…

With regard to the treatment of lepers, the lawgiver prescribed that they should wear mourning costume, rend their clothes, leave the hair of their head in disorder (see at Lev 10:6), keep the beard covered (Eze 24:17, Eze 24:22), and cry "Unclean, unclean," that every one might avoid them for fear of being defiled (Lam 4:15); and as long as the disease lasted they were to dwell apart outside the camp (Num 5:2., Num 12:10., cf. Kg2 15:5; Kg2 7:3), (Note: At the present day there are pest-houses specially set apart for lepers outside the towns. In Jerusalem they are situated against the Zion-gate (see Robinson, Pal. i.p. 364).) a rule which implies that the leper rendered others unclean by contact. From this the Rabbins taught, that by merely entering a house, a leper polluted everything within it (Mishnah, Kelim i. 4; Negaim xiii. 11).

Versículo 47

X. Leprosy in linen, woollen, and leather fabrics and clothes. - The only wearing apparel mentioned …

Leprosy in linen, woollen, and leather fabrics and clothes. - The only wearing apparel mentioned in Lev 13:47 is either woollen or linen, as in Deu 22:11; Hos 2:7; Pro 31:13; and among the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks these were the materials usually worn. In Lev 13:48. שׁתי and ערב, "the flax and the wool," i.e., for linen and woollen fabrics, are distinguished from clothes of wool or flax. The rendering given to these words by the early translators is στήμων and κρόκη, stamen et subtegmen (lxx, Vulg.), i.e., warp and weft. The objection offered to this rendering, that warp and weft could not be kept so separate from one another, that the one could be touched and rendered leprous without the other, has been met by Gussetius by the simple but correct remark, that the reference is to the yarn prepared for the warp and weft, and not to the woven fabrics themselves. So long as the yarn was not woven into a fabric, the warp-yarn and weft-yarn might very easily be separated and lie in different places, so that the one could be injured without the other. In this case the yarn intended for weaving is distinguished from the woven material, just as the leather is afterwards distinguished from leather-work (Lev 13:49). The signs of leprosy were, if the mole in the fabric was greenish or reddish. In that case the priest was to shut up the thing affected with leprosy for seven days, and then examine it. If the mole had spread in the meantime, it was a "grievous leprosy." ממארת, from מאר irritavit, recruduit (vulnus), is to be explained, as it is by Bochart, as signifying lepra exasperata. הנּגע ממארת making the mole bad or angry; not, as Gesenius maintains, from מאר = מרר acerbum faciens, i.e., dolorem acerbum excitans, which would not apply to leprosy in fabrics and houses (Lev 14:44), and is not required by Eze 28:24. All such fabrics were to be burned as unclean.

Versículo 53

XI. If the mole had not spread during the seven days, the priest was to cause the fabric in which the…

If the mole had not spread during the seven days, the priest was to cause the fabric in which the mole appeared to be washed, and then shut it up for seven days more. If the mole did not alter its appearance after being washed, even though it had not spread, the fabric was unclean, and was therefore to be burned. "It is a corroding in the back and front" (of the fabric of leather). פּחתת, from פּחת, in Syriac fodit, from which comes פּחת a pit, lit., a digging: here a corroding depression. קרחת a bald place in the front or right side, גּבּחת a bald place in the back or left side of the fabric or leather.

Versículo 56

XII. But if the mole had turned pale by the seventh day after the washing, it (the place of the mole) …

But if the mole had turned pale by the seventh day after the washing, it (the place of the mole) was to be separated (torn off) from the clothes, leather or yarn, and then (as is added afterwards in Lev 13:58) the garment or fabric from which the mole had disappeared was to be washed a second time, and would then be clean.

Versículo 57

XIII. But if the mole appeared again in any such garment or cloth, i.e., if it appeared again after thi…

But if the mole appeared again in any such garment or cloth, i.e., if it appeared again after this, it was a leprosy bursting forth afresh, and the thing affected with it was to be burned. Leprosy in linen and woollen fabrics or clothes, and in leather, consisted in all probability in nothing but so-called mildew, which commonly arises from damp and want of air, and consists, in the case of linen, of round, partially coloured spots, which spread, and gradually eat up the fabric, until it falls to pieces like mould. In leather the mildew consists most strictly of "holes eaten in," and is of a "greenish, reddish, or whitish colour, according to the species of the delicate cryptogami by which it has been formed."

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Versículo 2