Antiguo Testamento

Leviticus — Capítulo 13

John Calvin's Commentaries

Versión

Texto — Reina-Valera 1960

1Habló Jehová a Moisés y a Aarón, diciendo:

2Cuando el hombre tuviere en la piel de su cuerpo hinchazón, o erupción, o mancha blanca, y hubiere en la piel de su cuerpo como llaga de lepra, será traído a Aarón el sacerdote o a uno de sus hijos los sacerdotes.

3Y el sacerdote mirará la llaga en la piel del cuerpo; si el pelo en la llaga se ha vuelto blanco, y pareciere la llaga más profunda que la piel de la carne, llaga de lepra es; y el sacerdote le reconocerá, y le declarará inmundo.

4Y si en la piel de su cuerpo hubiere mancha blanca, pero que no pareciere más profunda que la piel, ni el pelo se hubiere vuelto blanco, entonces el sacerdote encerrará al llagado por siete días.

5Y al séptimo día el sacerdote lo mirará; y si la llaga conserva el mismo aspecto, no habiéndose extendido en la piel, entonces el sacerdote le volverá a encerrar por otros siete días.

6Y al séptimo día el sacerdote le reconocerá de nuevo; y si parece haberse oscurecido la llaga, y que no ha cundido en la piel, entonces el sacerdote lo declarará limpio: era erupción; y lavará sus vestidos, y será limpio.

7Pero si se extendiere la erupción en la piel después que él se mostró al sacerdote para ser limpio, deberá mostrarse otra vez al sacerdote.

8Y si reconociéndolo el sacerdote ve que la erupción se ha extendido en la piel, lo declarará inmundo: es lepra.

9Cuando hubiere llaga de lepra en el hombre, será traído al sacerdote.

10Y este lo mirará, y si apareciere tumor blanco en la piel, el cual haya mudado el color del pelo, y se descubre asimismo la carne viva,

11es lepra crónica en la piel de su cuerpo; y le declarará inmundo el sacerdote, y no le encerrará, porque es inmundo.

12Mas si brotare la lepra cundiendo por la piel, de modo que cubriere toda la piel del llagado desde la cabeza hasta sus pies, hasta donde pueda ver el sacerdote,

13entonces este le reconocerá; y si la lepra hubiere cubierto todo su cuerpo, declarará limpio al llagado; toda ella se ha vuelto blanca, y él es limpio.

14Mas el día que apareciere en él la carne viva, será inmundo.

15Y el sacerdote mirará la carne viva, y lo declarará inmundo. Es inmunda la carne viva; es lepra.

16Mas cuando la carne viva cambiare y se volviere blanca, entonces vendrá al sacerdote,

17y el sacerdote mirará; y si la llaga se hubiere vuelto blanca, el sacerdote declarará limpio al que tenía la llaga, y será limpio.

18Y cuando en la piel de la carne hubiere divieso, y se sanare,

19y en el lugar del divieso hubiere una hinchazón, o una mancha blanca rojiza, será mostrado al sacerdote.

20Y el sacerdote mirará; y si pareciere estar más profunda que la piel, y su pelo se hubiere vuelto blanco, el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo; es llaga de lepra que se originó en el divieso.

21Y si el sacerdote la considerare, y no apareciere en ella pelo blanco, ni fuere más profunda que la piel, sino oscura, entonces el sacerdote le encerrará por siete días;

22y si se fuere extendiendo por la piel, entonces el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo; es llaga.

23Pero si la mancha blanca se estuviere en su lugar, y no se hubiere extendido, es la cicatriz del divieso, y el sacerdote lo declarará limpio.

24Asimismo cuando hubiere en la piel del cuerpo quemadura de fuego, y hubiere en lo sanado del fuego mancha blanquecina, rojiza o blanca,

25el sacerdote la mirará; y si el pelo se hubiere vuelto blanco en la mancha, y esta pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, es lepra que salió en la quemadura; y el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo, por ser llaga de lepra.

26Mas si el sacerdote la mirare, y no apareciere en la mancha pelo blanco, ni fuere más profunda que la piel, sino que estuviere oscura, le encerrará el sacerdote por siete días.

27Y al séptimo día el sacerdote la reconocerá; y si se hubiere ido extendiendo por la piel, el sacerdote lo declarará inmundo; es llaga de lepra.

28Pero si la mancha se estuviere en su lugar, y no se hubiere extendido en la piel, sino que estuviere oscura, es la cicatriz de la quemadura; el sacerdote lo declarará limpio, porque señal de la quemadura es.

29Y al hombre o mujer que le saliere llaga en la cabeza, o en la barba,

30el sacerdote mirará la llaga; y si pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, y el pelo de ella fuere amarillento y delgado, entonces el sacerdote le declarará inmundo; es tiña, es lepra de la cabeza o de la barba.

31Mas cuando el sacerdote hubiere mirado la llaga de la tiña, y no pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, ni hubiere en ella pelo negro, el sacerdote encerrará por siete días al llagado de la tiña;

32y al séptimo día el sacerdote mirará la llaga; y si la tiña no pareciere haberse extendido, ni hubiere en ella pelo amarillento, ni pareciere la tiña más profunda que la piel,

33entonces le hará que se rasure, pero no rasurará el lugar afectado; y el sacerdote encerrará por otros siete días al que tiene la tiña.

34Y al séptimo día mirará el sacerdote la tiña; y si la tiña no hubiere cundido en la piel, ni pareciere ser más profunda que la piel, el sacerdote lo declarará limpio; y lavará sus vestidos y será limpio.

35Pero si la tiña se hubiere ido extendiendo en la piel después de su purificación,

36entonces el sacerdote la mirará; y si la tiña hubiere cundido en la piel, no busque el sacerdote el pelo amarillento; es inmundo.

37Mas si le pareciere que la tiña está detenida, y que ha salido en ella el pelo negro, la tiña está sanada; él está limpio, y limpio lo declarará el sacerdote.

38Asimismo cuando el hombre o la mujer tuviere en la piel de su cuerpo manchas, manchas blancas,

39el sacerdote mirará, y si en la piel de su cuerpo aparecieren manchas blancas algo oscurecidas, es empeine que brotó en la piel; está limpia la persona.

40Y el hombre, cuando se le cayere el cabello, es calvo, pero limpio.

41Y si hacia su frente se le cayere el cabello, es calvo por delante, pero limpio.

42Mas cuando en la calva o en la antecalva hubiere llaga blanca rojiza, lepra es que brota en su calva o en su antecalva.

43Entonces el sacerdote lo mirará, y si pareciere la hinchazón de la llaga blanca rojiza en su calva o en su antecalva, como el parecer de la lepra de la piel del cuerpo,

44leproso es, es inmundo, y el sacerdote lo declarará luego inmundo; en su cabeza tiene la llaga.

45Y el leproso en quien hubiere llaga llevará vestidos rasgados y su cabeza descubierta, y embozado pregonará: ¡Inmundo! ¡Inmundo!

46Todo el tiempo que la llaga estuviere en él, será inmundo; estará impuro, y habitará solo; fuera del campamento será su morada.

47Cuando en un vestido hubiere plaga de lepra, ya sea vestido de lana, o de lino,

48o en urdimbre o en trama de lino o de lana, o en cuero, o en cualquiera obra de cuero;

49y la plaga fuere verdosa, o rojiza, en vestido o en cuero, en urdimbre o en trama, o en cualquiera obra de cuero; plaga es de lepra, y se ha de mostrar al sacerdote.

50Y el sacerdote mirará la plaga, y encerrará la cosa plagada por siete días.

51Y al séptimo día mirará la plaga; y si se hubiere extendido la plaga en el vestido, en la urdimbre o en la trama, en el cuero, o en cualquiera obra que se hace de cuero, lepra maligna es la plaga; inmunda será.

52Será quemado el vestido, la urdimbre o trama de lana o de lino, o cualquiera obra de cuero en que hubiere tal plaga, porque lepra maligna es; al fuego será quemada.

53Y si el sacerdote mirare, y no pareciere que la plaga se haya extendido en el vestido, en la urdimbre o en la trama, o en cualquiera obra de cuero,

54entonces el sacerdote mandará que laven donde está la plaga, y lo encerrará otra vez por siete días.

55Y el sacerdote mirará después que la plaga fuere lavada; y si pareciere que la plaga no ha cambiado de aspecto, aunque no se haya extendido la plaga, inmunda es; la quemarás al fuego; es corrosión penetrante, esté lo raído en el derecho o en el revés de aquella cosa.

56Mas si el sacerdote la viere, y pareciere que la plaga se ha oscurecido después que fue lavada, la cortará del vestido, del cuero, de la urdimbre o de la trama.

57Y si apareciere de nuevo en el vestido, la urdimbre o trama, o en cualquiera cosa de cuero, extendiéndose en ellos, quemarás al fuego aquello en que estuviere la plaga.

58Pero el vestido, la urdimbre o la trama, o cualquiera cosa de cuero que lavares, y que se le quitare la plaga, se lavará por segunda vez, y entonces será limpia.

59Esta es la ley para la plaga de la lepra del vestido de lana o de lino, o de urdimbre o de trama, o de cualquiera cosa de cuero, para que sea declarada limpia o inmunda.

JOHN CALVIN'S COMMENTARIES

Versículo 2

I. When a man shall have in the skin. Since every eruption was not the leprosy, and did not render a…

When a man shall have in the skin. Since every eruption was not the leprosy, and did not render a man unclean, when God appoints the priests to be the judges, He distinguishes by certain marks a common eruption from the leprosy; and then subjoins the difference between the various kinds of leprosy. For the disease was not always incurable; but, only when the blood was altogether corrupted, so that the skin itself had become hardened by its corrosion, or swollen by its diseased state. This, then, must be observed in the first place, that the Greek and Latin word lepra, and the Hebrew tsrt tzaragmath, extend further than to the incurable disease, which medical men call elephantiasis [4] both on account of the hardness of the skin, and also its mottled color; not, however, that there is an entire agreement between the thickness of the man's skin and that of an elephant, but because this disease produces insensibility of the skin. This the Greeks call Psora, and if it be not a kind of leprosy, it is nearly allied to it. Thus we see that there was a distinction between the scab and leprosy; just as now-a-days, if it were necessary to judge respecting the itch, (which is commonly called the disease of St. Menanus, [5] the marks must be observed, which distinguish it from leprosy. But, as to the various kinds of leprosy, I confess that I am not a physician, so as to discuss them accurately, and I purposely abstain from close inquiry about them, because I am persuaded that the disease here treated of affected the Israelites in an extraordinary manner, which we are now unacquainted with; for what do we now know of a leprous house? Indeed it is probable that, since heathen writers knew that the Jewish people suffered from this disease, they laid hold of it as the ground of their falsehood, that all the descendants of Abraham were infected with the itch, and were driven away from Egypt, lest others should catch it from them. That [6] this was an ancient calumny appears from Josephus, both in the ninth book of his Antiquities, and in his Treatise against Apion; and it is repeated both by C. Tacitus and Justin. Yet I make no doubt that the Egyptians, a very proud nation, in order to efface the memory of their own disgrace, and of the vengeance inflicted upon them by God, invented this lie, and thus grossly turned against this innocent people what had happened to themselves, when they were smitten with boils and blains. But we shall see hereafter, amongst God's curses, that He chastised His people with the same plagues as He had inflicted on the Egyptians: "The Lord will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab," etc. (Deuteronomy 28:27.) Whence it may be probably inferred, that God avenged the crimes of His ancient people with special judgments, which are now unknown to us; just as afterwards new diseases arose, from which those in old times were free. At any rate, Josephus, by clear and solid arguments, exposes the absurdity of this accusation, that Moses was driven from Egypt with a crowd of exiles, lest they should infect the country with their disease; because, if they had been universally affected with this malady, he never would have imposed such severe laws for separating the lepers from general society. God first commands that, whenever a suspicion of leprosy arose, the man was to present himself to the priest; if any symptom of leprosy appeared, He commands him to be shut up for a period of seven days, until it should appear from the progress of the disease that it was incurable leprosy. That God should have appointed the priests to be judges, and those, too, only of the highest order, is a proof that His spiritual service was rather regarded than mere bodily health. If any shall inquire whether leprosy is not a contagious disease, and whether it be not therefore expedient that all who were affected by it should be removed from intercourse with others, I admit, indeed, that such is the case, but I deny that this was the main object in view. For, in process of time, physicians would have been better able to decide by their art and skill: whereas God enjoined this decision upon the priests alone, and gave them the rule whereby they were to judge. Nor did He appoint the Levites indiscriminately, but only the sons of Aaron, who were the highest order, in order that the authority of the decision might be greater. It was, then, by a gross error, or rather impudence, that the Papal priests (sacrifici) assumed to themselves this jurisdiction. It was (they say) the office of the chief priests under the Law to distinguish between the kinds of leprosy; and, therefore, the same right is transferred to the bishops. But they carry the mockery still further: the official [7] the bishop's representative, sits as the legitimate judge; he calls in physicians and surgeons, from whose answers he pronounces what he confesses he is ignorant of himself. Behold how cleverly they accommodate a legal rite to our times! The mockery, however, is still more disgusting, when in another sense they extend to the whole tribe of priests what they have said to belong solely to the bishops; for, since the sin under which all labor is a spiritual leprosy, they thence infer that all are excluded from the congregation of the faithful until they shall have been purged and received by absolution, which they hold to be the common office of all the priests. They afterwards add, that judgment cannot be pronounced till the cause is heard, and so conclude that confession is necessary. But, if they choose to have recourse to subtleties, reason would rather conduct us to the opposite conclusion; for God did not desire the priests to take cognizance of a hidden disease, but only after the manifest symptoms had appeared: hence it will follow, that it is preposterous to bring secret sins to judgment, and that wretched men are dragged to their confession contrary to all law and justice. But, setting aside all these absurdities, an analogy must be observed between us and God's ancient people. He of old forbade the external uncleanness of the flesh to be tolerated in His people. By Christ's coming, the typical. figure has ceased; but we are taught that all uncleanness, whereby the purity of His services is defiled, is not to be cherished, or borne with amongst us. And surely excommunication answers to this ceremony; since by it the Church is purified, lest corruptions should everywhere assail it, if wicked and guilty persons occupied a place in it promiscuously with the good. The command of God that, whilst the disease was obscure and questionable, the infected person should be shut up for seven days, recommends moderation to us, lest any, who is still curable, should be condemned before his time. In fact, this medium is to be observed, that the judge should not be too remiss and hasty in pardoning, and still that he should temper severity by justice; and especially that he should not be too precipitate in his judgment. What we translate "shall pronounce him clean, or unclean," is in Hebrew, "shall clean, or unclean him;" thus the dignity of the judgment is more fully established, as though it had proceeded from God Himself; and assuredly no medical skill could declare on the seventh day a leprosy to be incurable, respecting which there was doubt so short a time before, unless God should in some special manner discover the uncleanness, and guide the eyes of the priests by His Spirit.

Versículo 29

II. If a man or woman. What is here spoken of is not the baldness which so often occurs in old age; b…

If a man or woman. What is here spoken of is not the baldness which so often occurs in old age; but that loss of hair, which is the consequence of leprosy, is distinguished from any other, the cause of which may be some indisposition, and which yet does not pollute a man. But, inasmuch as some kinds of baldness do not so greatly differ at first sight from leprosy, -- such, for instance, as ophiasis and alopecia [8] -- it is therefore necessary to distinguish them.

Versículo 44

III. He is a leprous man, he is unclean. In the first part of the verse he says that the leprous man m…

He is a leprous man, he is unclean. In the first part of the verse he says that the leprous man must be counted unclean; but, in the latter part, he commands the priest to give sentence against this uncleanness, lest it should be carried into the congregation. On this ground he says, "his plague is upon his head," which is as much as to say, that he is sentenced to just ignominy, for Moses takes it for granted that God holds up to public infamy whomsoever He smites with leprosy, and thence reminds them that they justly and deservedly bear this punishment. The two following verses contain the form in which the sentence is executed, viz., that the man should wear a rent in his garment, which is to be the mark of his disgrace, that he should walk with his head bare, and with his mouth covered, (for this I take to be the meaning of the covering of his lip;) and besides this, that he is to be the proclaimer of his own pollution; finally, that he must dwell without the camp, as if banished from communication with men. Moses here [9] refers to the existing state of the people, as long as they sojourned in the desert; for after they began to inhabit the land, the lepers were driven out of the towns and villages to dwell by themselves. I know not whether the opinion of some is a sound one, that they were enjoined to cover the mouth or lip, lest by the infection of their breath they should injure others. My own view is rather, that because they were civilly dead, they also bore the symbol of death in having the face covered -- as their separation deprived them of the ordinary life of men. Where we translate "shall cry, Unclean, unclean," some, taking the verb, yqr' yikra, [10] indefinitely, construe it passively, "shall be called,:" and I admit that in many passages it has the same force as if it were in the plural number. But, because the repetition of the word "unclean" is emphatic, it is probable that the word is not to be taken simply for "to call," (vocare;) and therefore, I rather incline to the opinion that, by the command of the Law, they warned all with their own mouth not to approach them, lest any one should incautiously pollute himself by touching them; although their uncleanness was perhaps proclaimed publicly, so that all might mutually exhort each other to beware And Jeremiah seems to allude to this passage, where, speaking [11] of the defilements of the city, he says that all men cried "Unclean; fly ye, fly ye." (Lamentations 4:15)

Versículo 58

IV. And the garment. This kind of disease, God, in his infinite clemency, has willed to be unknown to…

And the garment. This kind of disease, God, in his infinite clemency, has willed to be unknown to us. He has indeed subjected woolen garments and furs to the ravages of the moth, and vessels of various kinds to rust, and other corruptions; in fact, has surrounded the human race with rottenness, in order that everywhere our eyes should light on the punishment of sin; but what the leprosy of garments may be, is unknown. But its expiation under the Law admonished his ancient people that the must carefully beware of even external uncleanness, so as to cleanse themselves "from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit." It has appeared to me sufficient to touch upon the sum of the matter, because it would be almost superfluous labor to insist upon the words, although I should be unwilling to condemn the diligence of those who examine these points also; but it is not my purpose to perform the office of the grammarian. Footnotes: [4] Ladrerie -- Fr. [5] St. Mehan -- Fr. C. probably wrote Melanus. St. Mean, or Melanus, was a Welshman, who founded the monastery of Gael, now called St. Meen's, of which he became abbot, and where he died. At his tomb wonderful cures were effected, chiefly of cutaneous diseases, especially "itch and scab, to which a mineral well, which bears the name of the saint, and in which the patient bathes, seems greatly to contribute," quoth honest Alban Butler. [6] The reference here, I think, ought to be Josephus, Jewish Antiq., Book 3. ch. 11. Section 4. See also, "Against Apion," Book 1. Section 25, et seq. Tacitus, Hist. v. 3. Justin, 36. 2. [7] Monsieur I'official, etc. -- Fr. [8] "Ophiasis, (ophiasis Gr.,) a disease, in which the hair grows thin, and falls off, leaving the parts smooth and winding like the folds of a serpent." "Alopecia, (alopekia of alopex, a fox, Gr., the fox-evil,) a disease called the scurf, when the hairs fall from the head by the roots." -- Bailey's Dictionary. "These regulations will be better understood from the fact, that the Orientals distinguish two sorts of baldness. The first is that which begins from the forehead, and the other that which begins from behind. The Hebrew has a distinct name for each of these. By the Arabian poets also, the former is distinguished as the noble baldness,' because it generally proceeded from the wearing of a helmet; whilst the latter was stigmatized as servile baldness.' With this understanding, let us read the terms bald' qrch, (kareach) in verse 40, and forehead-bald' gvch (gibeach) in verse 41. (See Michaelis, iii. 285.)" -- Illustrated Comment., in loco. [9] Add. Fr., "en parlant de l'oster du camp;" in speaking of putting him out of the camp. [10] yqr'. He shall cry, or call out. Had it been passive it would have been yqr' There is, therefore, no ambiguity as to the voice, except to such as deny the authority of the points, or read Hebrew without them. -- W [11] Fr., "en parlant des pollutions de la ville de Jerusalem, il dit que tous pourront bien crier, Souillez, retirez vous, retirez vous,'" in the speaking of the pollutions of the city of Jerusalem, he says, that all might well cry, "Ye polluted, depart ye, depart ye." A. V. "It is unclean, (or Margin, ye polluted,) depart, depart," etc. Footnotes: [1] Heading added from the Fr. "Autre dependence de forclorre les lepreux."

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Versículo 2