Antiguo Testamento

Genesis — Capítulo 42

Jacob sends his ten sons to Egypt to buy corn, Gen 42:1-3; but refuses to permit Benjamin to go, Gen 42:4. They arrive in Egypt, and bow themselves before Joseph, Gen 42:5, Gen 42:6. He treats them roughly and calls t…

Versión

Texto — Reina-Valera 1960

1Viendo Jacob que en Egipto había alimentos, dijo a sus hijos: ¿Por qué os estáis mirando?

2Y dijo: He aquí, yo he oído que hay víveres en Egipto; descended allá, y comprad de allí para nosotros, para que podamos vivir, y no muramos.

3Y descendieron los diez hermanos de José a comprar trigo en Egipto.

4Mas Jacob no envió a Benjamín, hermano de José, con sus hermanos; porque dijo: No sea que le acontezca algún desastre.

5Vinieron los hijos de Israel a comprar entre los que venían; porque había hambre en la tierra de Canaán.

6Y José era el señor de la tierra, quien le vendía a todo el pueblo de la tierra; y llegaron los hermanos de José, y se inclinaron a él rostro a tierra.

7Y José, cuando vio a sus hermanos, los conoció; mas hizo como que no los conocía, y les habló ásperamente, y les dijo: ¿De dónde habéis venido? Ellos respondieron: De la tierra de Canaán, para comprar alimentos.

8José, pues, conoció a sus hermanos; pero ellos no le conocieron.

9Entonces se acordó José de los sueños que había tenido acerca de ellos, y les dijo: Espías sois; por ver lo descubierto del país habéis venido.

10Ellos le respondieron: No, señor nuestro, sino que tus siervos han venido a comprar alimentos.

11Todos nosotros somos hijos de un varón; somos hombres honrados; tus siervos nunca fueron espías.

12Pero José les dijo: No; para ver lo descubierto del país habéis venido.

13Y ellos respondieron: Tus siervos somos doce hermanos, hijos de un varón en la tierra de Canaán; y he aquí el menor está hoy con nuestro padre, y otro no parece.

14Y José les dijo: Eso es lo que os he dicho, afirmando que sois espías.

15En esto seréis probados: Vive Faraón, que no saldréis de aquí, sino cuando vuestro hermano menor viniere aquí.

16Enviad a uno de vosotros y traiga a vuestro hermano, y vosotros quedad presos, y vuestras palabras serán probadas, si hay verdad en vosotros; y si no, vive Faraón, que sois espías.

17Entonces los puso juntos en la cárcel por tres días.

18Y al tercer día les dijo José: Haced esto, y vivid: Yo temo a Dios.

19Si sois hombres honrados, quede preso en la casa de vuestra cárcel uno de vuestros hermanos, y vosotros id y llevad el alimento para el hambre de vuestra casa.

20Pero traeréis a vuestro hermano menor, y serán verificadas vuestras palabras, y no moriréis. Y ellos lo hicieron así.

21Y decían el uno al otro: Verdaderamente hemos pecado contra nuestro hermano, pues vimos la angustia de su alma cuando nos rogaba, y no le escuchamos; por eso ha venido sobre nosotros esta angustia.

22Entonces Rubén les respondió, diciendo: ¿No os hablé yo y dije: No pequéis contra el joven, y no escuchasteis? He aquí también se nos demanda su sangre.

23Pero ellos no sabían que los entendía José, porque había intérprete entre ellos.

24Y se apartó José de ellos, y lloró; después volvió a ellos, y les habló, y tomó de entre ellos a Simeón, y lo aprisionó a vista de ellos.

25Después mandó José que llenaran sus sacos de trigo, y devolviesen el dinero de cada uno de ellos, poniéndolo en su saco, y les diesen comida para el camino; y así se hizo con ellos.

26Y ellos pusieron su trigo sobre sus asnos, y se fueron de allí.

27Pero abriendo uno de ellos su saco para dar de comer a su asno en el mesón, vio su dinero que estaba en la boca de su costal.

28Y dijo a sus hermanos: Mi dinero se me ha devuelto, y helo aquí en mi saco. Entonces se les sobresaltó el corazón, y espantados dijeron el uno al otro: ¿Qué es esto que nos ha hecho Dios?

29Y venidos a Jacob su padre en tierra de Canaán, le contaron todo lo que les había acontecido, diciendo:

30Aquel varón, el señor de la tierra, nos habló ásperamente, y nos trató como a espías de la tierra.

31Y nosotros le dijimos: Somos hombres honrados, nunca fuimos espías.

32Somos doce hermanos, hijos de nuestro padre; uno no parece, y el menor está hoy con nuestro padre en la tierra de Canaán.

33Entonces aquel varón, el señor de la tierra, nos dijo: En esto conoceré que sois hombres honrados: dejad conmigo uno de vuestros hermanos, y tomad para el hambre de vuestras casas, y andad,

34y traedme a vuestro hermano el menor, para que yo sepa que no sois espías, sino hombres honrados; así os daré a vuestro hermano, y negociaréis en la tierra.

35Y aconteció que vaciando ellos sus sacos, he aquí que en el saco de cada uno estaba el atado de su dinero; y viendo ellos y su padre los atados de su dinero, tuvieron temor.

36Entonces su padre Jacob les dijo: Me habéis privado de mis hijos; José no parece, ni Simeón tampoco, y a Benjamín le llevaréis; contra mí son todas estas cosas.

37Y Rubén habló a su padre, diciendo: Harás morir a mis dos hijos, si no te lo devuelvo; entrégalo en mi mano, que yo lo devolveré a ti.

38Y él dijo: No descenderá mi hijo con vosotros, pues su hermano ha muerto, y él solo ha quedado; y si le aconteciere algún desastre en el camino por donde vais, haréis descender mis canas con dolor al Seol.

ADAM CLARKE BIBLE COMMENTARY

Versículo 1

I. Jacob saw that there was corn - That is, Jacob heard from the report of others that there was ple…

Jacob saw that there was corn - That is, Jacob heard from the report of others that there was plenty in Egypt. The operations of one sense, in Hebrew, are often put for those of another. Before agriculture was properly known and practiced, famines were frequent; Canaan seems to have been peculiarly vexed by them. There was one in this land in the time of Abraham, Gen 12:10; another in the days of Isaac, Gen 26:1; and now a third in the time of Jacob. To this St. Stephen alludes, Act 7:11 : there was great affliction, and our fathers found no sustenance.

Versículo 6

II. Joseph was the governor - שליט shallit, an intendant, a protector, from שלט skalat, to be over as…

Joseph was the governor - שליט shallit, an intendant, a protector, from שלט skalat, to be over as a protector; hence שלטים shelatim, shields, or arms for protection and defense, Sa2 8:7; and שלטון shilton, power and authority, Ecc 8:4, Ecc 8:8; and hence the Arabic sultan, a lord, prince, or king, from salata, he obtained and exercised dominion, he ruled. Was it not from this very circumstance, Joseph being shallit, that all the Mohammedan governors of Egypt, etc., took the title of sultan? Bowed down themselves before him - Thus fulfilling the prophetic dream, Gen 37:7, Gen 37:8, which they had taken every precaution to render null and void. But there is neither might nor counsel against the Lord.

Versículo 9

III. Ye are spies - מרגלים אתם meraggelim attem, ye are footmen, trampers about, footpads, vagabonds, …

Ye are spies - מרגלים אתם meraggelim attem, ye are footmen, trampers about, footpads, vagabonds, lying in wait for the property of others; persons who, under the pretense of wishing to buy corn, desire only to find out whether the land be so defenceless that the tribes to which ye belong (see Gen 42:11) may attack it successfully, drive out the inhabitants, and settle in it themselves; or, having plundered it, retire to their deserts. This is a frequent custom among the Arabs to the present day. Thus Joseph spake roughly to them merely to cover that warmth of affection which he felt towards them; and that being thus brought, apparently, into straits and dangerous circumstances, their consciences might be awakened to reflect on and abhor their own wickedness.

Versículo 11

IV. We are all one man's sons - We do not belong to different tribes, and it is not likely that one f…

We are all one man's sons - We do not belong to different tribes, and it is not likely that one family would make a hostile attempt upon a whole kingdom. This seems to be the very ground that Joseph took, viz., that they were persons belonging to different tribes. Against this particularly they set up their defense, asserting that they all belonged to one family; and it is on the proof of this that Joseph puts them, Gen 42:15, in obliging them to leave one as a hostage, and insisting on their bringing their remaining brother; so that he took exactly the same precautions to detect them as if he had had no acquaintance with them, and had every reason to be suspicious.

Versículo 13

V. One is not - An elliptical sentence, One is not alive.

One is not - An elliptical sentence, One is not alive.

Versículo 15

VI. By the life of Pharaoh - חי פרעה chey Pharaoh, Pharaoh liveth. As if he had said, As surely as th…

By the life of Pharaoh - חי פרעה chey Pharaoh, Pharaoh liveth. As if he had said, As surely as the king of Egypt lives, so surely shall ye not go hence unless your brother come hither. Here therefore is no oath; it is just what they themselves make it in their report to their father, Gen 43:3 : the man did solemnly protest unto us; and our translators should not have put it in the form of an oath, especially as the original not only will bear another version, but is absolutely repugnant to this in our sense of the word.

Versículo 18

VII. I fear God - את האלהים אני ירא eth haelohim ani yare, literally translated the passage runs thus,…

I fear God - את האלהים אני ירא eth haelohim ani yare, literally translated the passage runs thus, I also fear the gods; but the emphatic ה ha is probably added by Joseph, both here and in his conversation with Pharaoh, the more particularly to point out the eminence and perfection of the Supreme Being as contradistinguished from the gods of Egypt. He seems to say to his brethren, I am a worshipper of the true God, and ye have nothing to fear.

Versículo 21

VIII. We are verily guilty - How finely are the office and influence of conscience exemplified in these…

We are verily guilty - How finely are the office and influence of conscience exemplified in these words! It was about twenty-two years since they had sold their brother, and probably their conscience had been lulled asleep to the present hour. God combines and brings about those favorable circumstances which produce attention and reflection, and give weight to the expostulations of conscience. How necessary to hear its voice in time, for here it may be the instrument of salvation; but if not heard in this world, it must be heard in the next; and there, in association with the unquenchable fire, it will be the never-dying worm. Reader, has not thy sin as yet found thee out? Pray to God to take away the veil from thy heart, and give thee that deep sense of guilt which shall oblige thee to flee for refuge to the hope which is set before thee in the Gospel of Christ.

Versículo 23

IX. For he spake unto them by an interpreter - Either there was a very great difference between the t…

For he spake unto them by an interpreter - Either there was a very great difference between the two languages as then spoken, or Joseph, to prevent all suspicion, might affect to be ignorant of both. We have many evidences in this book that the Egyptians, Hebrews, Canaanites, and Syrians, could understand each other in a general way, though there are also proofs that there was a considerable difference between their dialects.

Versículo 24

X. Took - Simeon and bound him before their eyes - This was retaliation, if, as the rabbins suppose,…

Took - Simeon and bound him before their eyes - This was retaliation, if, as the rabbins suppose, it was Simeon who bound Joseph, and put him into the pit. A recollection of this circumstance must exceedingly deepen the sense he had of his guilt.

Versículo 25

XI. Commanded to fill their sacks - כליהם keleyhem, their vessels; probably large woolen bags, or bas…

Commanded to fill their sacks - כליהם keleyhem, their vessels; probably large woolen bags, or baskets lined with leather, which, as Sir John Chardin says, are still in use through all Asia, and are called tambellet; they are covered with leather, the better to resist the wet, and to prevent dirt and sand from mixing with the grain. These vessels, of whatever sort, must have been different from those called שק sak in the twenty-seventh and following verses, which was probably only a small sack or bag, in which each had reserved a sufficiency of corn for his ass during the journey; the larger vessels or bags serving to hold the wheat or rice they had brought, and their own packages. The reader will at once see that the English word sack is plainly derived from the Hebrew.

Versículo 26

XII. They laded their asses - Amounting, no doubt, to several scores, if not hundreds, else they could…

They laded their asses - Amounting, no doubt, to several scores, if not hundreds, else they could not have brought a sufficiency of corn for the support of so large a family as that of Jacob.

Versículo 27

XIII. One of them opened his sack - From Gen 42:35 we learn that each of the ten brethren on emptying h…

One of them opened his sack - From Gen 42:35 we learn that each of the ten brethren on emptying his sack when he returned found his money in it; can we suppose that this was not discovered by them all before? It seems not; and the reason was probably this: the money was put in the mouth of the sack of one only, in the sacks of the others it was placed at or near to the bottom; hence only one discovered it on the road, the rest found it when they came to empty their sacks at their father's house. In the inn - במלון bammalon, from לן lan, to lodge, stay, remain, etc. The place at which they stopped to bait or rest themselves and their asses. Our word inn gives us a false idea here; there were no such places of entertainment at that time in the desert over which they had to pass, nor are there any to the present day. Travellers generally endeavor to reach a well, where they fill their girbahs, or leather bottles, with fresh water, and having clogged their camels, asses, etc., permit them to crop any little verdure there may be in the place, keeping watch over them by turns. This is all we are to understand by the malon or inn in the text, for even caravansaries were not then in use, which are generally no more than four walls perfectly exposed, the place being open at the top.

Versículo 28

XIV. Their heart failed them - ויצא לבם valyetse libbam, their heart went out. This refers to that spa…

Their heart failed them - ויצא לבם valyetse libbam, their heart went out. This refers to that spasmodic affection which is felt in the breast at any sudden alarm or fright. Among the common people in our own country we find an expression exactly similar, "My heart was ready to leap out at my mouth," used on similar occasions. What is this that God hath done unto us? - Their guilty consciences, now thoroughly awakened, were in continual alarms; they felt that they deserved God's curse, and every occurrence served to confirm and increase their suspicions.

Versículo 35

XV. As they emptied their sacks - See Clarke on Gen 42:27 (note).

As they emptied their sacks - See Clarke on Gen 42:27 (note).

Versículo 36

16. All these things are against me - עלי היו כלנה alai hayu cullanah; literally, All these things ar…

All these things are against me - עלי היו כלנה alai hayu cullanah; literally, All these things are upon me. Not badly translated by the Vulgate, In me haec omnia mala reciderunt, "All these evils fall back upon me." They lie upon me as heavy loads, hastening my death; they are more than I can bear.

Versículo 37

17. Slay my two sons, if I bring him not to thee - What a strange proposal made by a son to his fathe…

Slay my two sons, if I bring him not to thee - What a strange proposal made by a son to his father, concerning his grandchildren! But they show the honesty and affection of Reuben's heart; he felt deeply for his father's distress, and was determined to risk and hazard every thing in order to relieve and comfort him. There is scarcely a transaction in which Reuben is concerned that does not serve to set his character in an amiable point of view, except the single instance mentioned Gen 35:22 (note), and which for the sake of decency and piety we should wish to understand as the Targumists have explained it. See the notes.

Versículo 38

18. He is left alone - That is, Benjamin is the only remaining son of Rachel; for he supposed Joseph,…

He is left alone - That is, Benjamin is the only remaining son of Rachel; for he supposed Joseph, who was the other son, to be dead. Shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow - Here he keeps up the idea of the oppressive burden mentioned Gen 42:36, to which every occurrence was adding an additional weight, so that he felt it impossible to support it any longer. The following observations of Dr. Dodd on this verse are very appropriate and judicious: "Nothing can be more tender and picturesque than the words of the venerable patriarch. Full of affection for his beloved Rachel, he cannot think of parting with Benjamin, the only remaining pledge of that love, now Joseph, as he supposes, is no more. We seem to behold the gray-headed, venerable father pleading with his sons, the beloved Benjamin standing by his side, impatient sorrow in their countenances, and in his all the bleeding anxiety of paternal love. It will be difficult to find in any author, ancient or modern, a more exquisite picture." 1. There is one doctrine relative to the economy of Divine Providence little heeded among men; I mean the doctrine of restitution. When a man has done wrong to his neighbor, though, on his repentance, and faith in our Lord Jesus, God forgives him his sin, yet he requires him to make restitution to the person injured, if it lie in the compass of his power. If he do not, God will take care to exact it in the course of his providence. Such respect has he for the dictates of infinite justice that nothing of this kind shall pass unnoticed. Several instances of this have already occurred in this history, and we shall see several more. No man should expect mercy at the hand of God who, having wronged his neighbor, refuses, when he has it in his power, to make restitution. Were he to weep tears of blood, both the justice and mercy of God would shut out his prayer, if he made not his neighbor amends for the injury he may have done him. The mercy of God, through the blood of the cross, can alone pardon his guilt; but no dishonest man can expect this; and he is a dishonest man who illegally holds the property of another in his hand. The unnatural brethren who sold their brother are now about to be captivated themselves; and the binder himself is bound in his turn: and though a kind Providence permits not the evil to fall upon them, yet, while apprehending it, they feel all its reality, conscience supplying the lack of prison, jailer, and bonds. 2. The ways of Providence are often to us dark and perplexed, so that we are ready to imagine that good can never result from what appears to us to be directly contrary to our interest; and we are often tempted to think that those very providential dealings of God, which have for their object our present and eternal welfare, are rather proofs of his displeasure, or evidences of his vindictive judgment. All these things are against me, said poor desponding Jacob; whereas, instead of being against him, all these things were for him; and by all these means was the merciful God working for the preservation of himself and his family, and the fulfillment of his ancient promise, that the posterity of Abraham should be as the stars of heaven for multitude. How strange is it that our faith, after so many evidences of his goodness, should still be so weak; and that our opinion of him should be so imperfect, that we can never trust in him but while he is under our own eye! If we see him producing good, we can believe that he is doing so, and this is all. If we believe not, he abides faithful; but our unbelief must make our own way extremely perplexing and difficult.

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Versículo 38